OHI 2022: Summary of results

Summary

This document describes results from the 2022 global OHI assessment. This is mostly an internal document to explore and check results. It also creates the figures used on the website and in other documents.

Setup

Primary dataset

These data are the OHI scores for the eez regions of 220 countries and territories from 2012 to 2022.

Region 0 is the global average scores, which are calculated using an area-weighted average of the region scores (status, likely future state, and score).

OHI scores

Global summary

This section describes global patterns in index and goal scores. The overall global score was 69.33.

Alternative color scale

Average global performance of the 10 goals.

Flower plots for each region can be downloaded from here

Country summary

Country index scores for 2022 Maps describing goal and index scores can be downloaded from here.

Distribution of country index scores. The median index score among countries was 68.28.

The regions with index scores of 80 or greater are:

region_name	Index
Macquarie Island	90.94
Howland Island and Baker Island	89.71
Jarvis Island	89.04
Ile Europa	88.85
Seychelles	85.13
Palmyra Atoll	83.11
Sint Maarten	82.17
Clipperton Island	81.68
Bahamas	80.94
New Zealand	80.63
Heard and McDonald Islands	80.47
Prince Edward Islands	80.43
Northern Saint-Martin	80.35

The regions with index scores of 60 or less are:

region_name	Index
Brunei	59.88
East Timor	59.60
Ukraine	59.10
Singapore	58.97
Northern Mariana Islands and Guam	58.82
Equatorial Guinea	58.52
Angola	58.39
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island	57.94
India	57.36
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	56.39
Libya	55.99
Tristan da Cunha	55.73
Falkland Islands	55.73
Montenegro	55.17
Lebanon	55.11
Guyana	54.26
Eritrea	53.41
Sudan	52.78
Democratic Republic of the Congo	52.34
Ivory Coast	49.76
Syria	48.09
Republique du Congo	47.92

Country scores across scenario year

Carpet plot figure (download as high resolution png) providing an overview of the scores from the 2022 assessment. Each row represents a region, the main groupings represent goals, and within each goal there are 7 years of data. Black regions indicate no data.

Don’t try too hard to interpret the results for specific countries/goals/years!!

This plot is good for providing a quick overview of:

• What is the range of scores?
• Which goals tend to have high scores across most regions (species, habitat)
• Which goals have a lot of variation across regions (tourism & recreation, lasting special places)
• Which goals are volatile across years (natural products, tourism & recreation)

2022 Data

This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the regions in 2022 (or, download csv version):

All years data

This interactive table describes the index and goal scores for the regions in all years. This is helpful in investigating a single country by searching the region name.

Change from 2012 to 2022

This interactive table describes the gross change in index and goal scores for the regions between 2012 and 2022. This is helpful in investigating a single country by searching the region name and seeing how much each goal value has changed overall from the first year to the last.

OHI Trends

Trend values are slope estimates from a linear model of scores for each region/goal over the past 11 years. Positive values indicate increasing scores during the past 11 years and negative values indicate decreasing scores.

A color-coded table of trend values for each country is available here (as well as a csv file).

NOTE: Currently, these data include the livelihoods and economies goal but these results should be viewed sceptically because these data were last updated for the 2013 assessment. Many other goals contain components with poor data resolution (i.e., infrequently, or never, measured over time).

Global summary

The following table provides the global scores (eez area weighted average of region scores) for the Index and goals/subgoals for all years.

goal	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022
Index	69.38	69.94	70.34	70.62	70.80	70.57	70.52	70.16	68.93	69.09	69.33
Artisanal opportunities	75.37	75.96	76.46	76.55	75.91	75.29	75.34	75.16	75.76	74.71	76.93
Species condition (subgoal)	79.67	79.47	79.26	79.07	78.88	78.66	78.47	78.26	78.06	77.86	77.65
Biodiversity	79.04	78.47	78.04	78.22	77.86	77.36	77.09	76.70	76.35	76.31	76.26
Habitat (subgoal)	78.42	77.47	76.81	77.37	76.85	76.05	75.72	75.13	74.64	74.76	74.86
Coastal protection	82.57	82.53	82.58	82.56	82.71	82.22	81.94	81.70	81.74	81.90	82.35
Carbon storage	81.00	81.00	80.99	80.99	80.98	80.98	81.02	81.06	81.05	81.04	81.04
Clean water	67.59	67.67	68.52	68.71	69.06	69.20	69.34	68.85	69.03	70.08	70.06
Fisheries (subgoal)	55.53	55.98	56.26	56.24	55.79	55.48	54.79	54.71	54.75	54.83	54.90
Food provision	51.91	52.10	52.18	52.15	51.83	51.62	50.76	50.71	50.56	50.39	50.29
Mariculture (subgoal)	5.66	5.57	5.59	5.66	5.78	5.90	6.01	6.10	6.22	6.37	6.55
Iconic species (subgoal)	64.02	64.95	65.02	65.46	64.66	64.57	65.49	62.67	60.30	59.83	59.71
Sense of place	59.43	59.99	60.82	61.24	61.46	62.35	63.56	62.65	61.40	61.29	61.03
Lasting special places (subgoal)	54.84	55.04	56.62	57.03	58.25	60.12	61.64	62.63	62.51	62.74	62.35
Natural products	75.47	75.58	77.02	77.93	78.49	78.06	77.01	75.83	76.43	75.22	75.30
Tourism & recreation	44.62	45.68	46.35	47.46	49.06	48.05	48.45	48.20	35.74	38.84	39.16

The following is a preliminary analysis of how the global scores changed over time. Global index scores decreased by an average -0.08 points per year, with 139 regions having decreasing trends and 78 having increasing trends.

goal	avg. change per year	P-value	# regions positive trend	# regions negative trend	mean trend	SD trend
Tourism & recreation	-0.78	0.0737	42	152	-0.82	1.29
Iconic species (subgoal)	-0.55	0.0035	32	188	-0.69	0.55
Habitat (subgoal)	-0.37	0.0000	63	128	-0.41	1.00
Biodiversity	-0.29	0.0000	24	195	-0.35	0.52
Food provision	-0.22	0.0000	94	121	-0.04	0.70
Species condition (subgoal)	-0.20	0.0000	14	205	-0.29	0.16
Fisheries (subgoal)	-0.15	0.0032	85	129	-0.10	0.53
Natural products	-0.09	0.4674	65	116	-0.27	2.37
Coastal protection	-0.08	0.0169	39	36	0.00	0.09
Index	-0.08	0.2162	78	138	-0.09	0.35
Artisanal opportunities	-0.02	0.7289	99	95	0.06	1.43
Carbon storage	0.01	0.0095	43	30	0.01	0.05
Livelihoods	0.03	0.1173	68	64	-0.02	0.47
Mariculture (subgoal)	0.10	0.0000	49	29	0.16	0.70
Livelihoods & economies	0.17	0.1173	137	39	0.11	0.40
Sense of place	0.18	0.1049	84	135	0.12	1.19
Clean water	0.22	0.0001	144	75	0.27	0.63
Economies	0.31	0.1173	134	16	0.25	0.53
Lasting special places (subgoal)	0.91	0.0000	81	30	0.93	2.34

Country summary

The global average decreased by an average of -0.08 points per year, but there was a good deal of variation in trend among regions and goals.

The following histogram describes the distribution of trend (e.g., change in score per year) in index scores:

The 10 regions with the largest increases in index scores are:

country	trend
Pitcairn	1.25
Clipperton Island	0.92
South Korea	0.73
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	0.60
Jamaica	0.60
Norfolk Island	0.57
Papua New Guinea	0.57
Japan	0.57
Lebanon	0.54
Iraq	0.50

The 10 regions with the largest decreases in index scores are:

country	trend
Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands of the United States	-0.71
Eritrea	-0.73
Gambia	-0.80
Republique du Congo	-0.83
Fiji	-0.84
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	-0.84
Cape Verde	-0.95
Falkland Islands	-0.97
Marshall Islands	-1.21
Palau	-1.28

Country change in goal

A bar plot describing change in trend for country and goals:

A closer look at goal scores

This section takes a closer look at the goal/subgoal scores for the 2022 scenario.

Artisanal opportunities

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Qatar	100.00
Antigua and Barbuda	100.00
Cayman Islands	100.00
Nauru	100.00
Marshall Islands	100.00
Solomon Islands	100.00
Costa Rica	100.00
Tokelau	99.98
Bangladesh	99.90
Estonia	99.62

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Namibia	43.80
Fiji	41.03
Dominica	39.29
Palau	35.23
South Africa	33.80
Ukraine	32.58
American Samoa	29.91
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	28.79
Vanuatu	26.26
Georgia	25.39

Species condition (subgoal)

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Finland	90.55
Estonia	90.11
Poland	90.04
Lithuania	89.80
Latvia	89.66
Sweden	88.37
Jordan	87.73
Djibouti	87.46
Northern Saint-Martin	86.84
Sint Eustatius	86.52

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Greece	63.71
Italy	63.14
Israel	63.06
Syria	62.48
Algeria	61.36
Lebanon	60.41
Malta	60.38
Libya	57.76
Cyprus	57.23
Monaco	55.45

Biodiversity

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Sint Eustatius	93.26
Saba	92.77
Sint Maarten	92.56
Oecussi Ambeno	91.87
Heard and McDonald Islands	91.57
Djibouti	90.91
Kerguelen Islands	90.85
Northern Saint-Martin	90.52
Jordan	88.75
Barbados	88.71

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Montenegro	60.71
Lebanon	60.06
Monaco	59.76
Greece	59.42
Republique du Congo	58.72
Ivory Coast	58.32
Faeroe Islands	58.16
Falkland Islands	56.24
Croatia	55.65
Syria	50.35

Habitat (subgoal)

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Sint Maarten	100
Clipperton Island	100
Heard and McDonald Islands	100
Saba	100
Sint Eustatius	100
Kerguelen Islands	100
Sao Tome and Principe	100
Wallis and Futuna	100
Tokelau	100
Ascension	100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Ukraine	49.98
Iceland	47.38
Bulgaria	45.88
Republique du Congo	45.08
Ivory Coast	43.01
Poland	42.85
Croatia	40.52
Faeroe Islands	40.08
Syria	38.23
Falkland Islands	31.46

Coastal protection

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Macquarie Island	100
Sint Maarten	100
Clipperton Island	100
Saba	100
Sint Eustatius	100
Azores	100
Wallis and Futuna	100
Curacao	100
Tuvalu	100
French Polynesia	100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Somalia	55.59
Argentina	55.45
British Virgin Islands	54.54
Chile	51.66
Bermuda	51.18
Democratic Republic of the Congo	36.45
Guyana	32.24
Pakistan	23.15
Ivory Coast	18.03
Republique du Congo	10.02

Carbon storage

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Ile Europa	100
Sint Maarten	100
Northern Saint-Martin	100
Mayotte	100
Saba	100
Sint Eustatius	100
Saint Kitts and Nevis	100
Anguilla	100
Tokelau	100
Tuvalu	100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Montenegro	55.66
Curacao	50.65
Democratic Republic of the Congo	44.66
Republique du Congo	37.13
Latvia	36.56
Morocco	33.23
Poland	30.80
Lithuania	23.45
Lebanon	5.05
Syria	3.36

Clean water

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Heard and McDonald Islands	99.25
Bouvet Island	99.25
Jarvis Island	99.23
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	98.67
Macquarie Island	97.89
Kerguelen Islands	97.51
Howland Island and Baker Island	96.77
Falkland Islands	96.59
Phoenix Islands (Kiribati)	96.18
Palmyra Atoll	93.10

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Ghana	32.62
India	32.46
Nigeria	30.56
Marshall Islands	29.26
Cameroon	28.31
Bangladesh	27.49
Togo	19.41
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	18.88
Nauru	18.53
Benin	15.24

Economies

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
New Zealand	100
Mayotte	100
Aruba	100
Oman	100
Estonia	100
Panama	100
Portugal	100
Sweden	100
Uruguay	100
Azores	100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Niue	31.73
Guadeloupe and Martinique	30.39
French Guiana	29.78
Guinea Bissau	25.89
Saint Helena	23.14
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	20.76
Equatorial Guinea	18.57
Falkland Islands	16.17
Eritrea	6.69
East Timor	0.05

Livelihoods & economies

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
New Zealand	100
Mayotte	100
Aruba	100
Oman	100
Panama	100
Sweden	100
Uruguay	100
Sao Tome and Principe	100
Kuwait	100
Slovenia	100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Cook Islands	44.46
French Guiana	44.01
Philippines	43.94
Saint Helena	40.59
Samoa	39.88
Falkland Islands	36.68
East Timor	27.48
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	25.46
Equatorial Guinea	12.81
Eritrea	3.42

Livelihoods

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Seychelles	100
New Zealand	100
Mayotte	100
United Arab Emirates	100
Aruba	100
Antigua and Barbuda	100
Greenland	100
Oman	100
Panama	100
Sweden	100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Gabon	37.93
Anguilla	35.69
Libya	35.19
Cook Islands	33.98
Benin	33.98
Saint Kitts and Nevis	33.69
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	30.16
Equatorial Guinea	7.05
Samoa	3.34
Eritrea	0.16

Fisheries (subgoal)

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Nauru	96.89
Ile Europa	94.39
Juan de Nova Island	94.39
Bassas da India	94.39
Macquarie Island	92.90
Ile Tromelin	91.08
Palmyra Atoll	91.00
Turks and Caicos Islands	90.61
Prince Edward Islands	88.74
Estonia	88.66

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Glorioso Islands	14.40
Guinea	13.79
Western Sahara	13.00
Bulgaria	10.63
Johnston Atoll	10.28
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island	9.72
Pitcairn	9.64
Jan Mayen	9.13
Norfolk Island	8.10
Bouvet Island	7.85

Food provision

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Nauru	96.89
Ile Europa	94.39
Juan de Nova Island	94.39
Bassas da India	94.39
Macquarie Island	92.90
Ile Tromelin	91.08
Palmyra Atoll	91.00
Turks and Caicos Islands	90.61
Prince Edward Islands	88.74
Estonia	87.65

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Mauritania	14.62
Glorioso Islands	14.40
Guinea	13.79
Western Sahara	13.00
Johnston Atoll	10.28
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island	9.72
Pitcairn	9.64
Jan Mayen	9.13
Norfolk Island	8.10
Bouvet Island	7.85

Mariculture (subgoal)

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Germany	93.51
Bosnia and Herzegovina	88.38
Finland	88.35
Denmark	87.64
Netherlands	87.01
Bulgaria	87.01
South Korea	86.68
Spain	86.00
Taiwan	84.84
China	84.81

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Angola	0
Libya	0
Tristan da Cunha	0
Falkland Islands	0
Eritrea	0
Sudan	0
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0
Ivory Coast	0
Syria	0
Republique du Congo	0

Iconic species (subgoal)

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Finland	92.39
Latvia	91.76
Lithuania	91.76
Poland	91.76
Estonia	91.00
Sweden	85.87
Denmark	85.43
Germany	84.76
Bouvet Island	84.53
Romania	83.93

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Glorioso Islands	50.84
Ile Tromelin	50.84
Crozet Islands	50.84
Amsterdam Island and Saint Paul Island	50.84
Solomon Islands	50.26
Myanmar	49.88
Tuvalu	49.67
Vanuatu	49.05
Cambodia	48.97
Thailand	47.72

Sense of place

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Latvia	95.88
Lithuania	95.88
Poland	95.88
Estonia	95.50
Denmark	92.71
Germany	92.38
Bouvet Island	92.27
Romania	91.96
Bulgaria	91.96
Ukraine	91.96

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Niue	26.98
French Polynesia	26.91
Tuvalu	26.64
Yemen	26.25
Sudan	25.82
Tokelau	25.55
Juan de Nova Island	25.42
Bassas da India	25.42
Ile Tromelin	25.42
Vanuatu	25.05

Lasting special places (subgoal)

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Macquarie Island	100
Howland Island and Baker Island	100
Jarvis Island	100
Ile Europa	100
Seychelles	100
Palmyra Atoll	100
Clipperton Island	100
Heard and McDonald Islands	100
Prince Edward Islands	100
Northern Saint-Martin	100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Line Islands (Kiribati)	0
Niue	0
Saint Helena	0
Benin	0
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	0
Libya	0
Tristan da Cunha	0
Eritrea	0
Sudan	0
Syria	0

Natural products

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Bahamas	100.00
Northern Saint-Martin	100.00
Greenland	100.00
Panama	100.00
Djibouti	100.00
Jan Mayen	100.00
Nicaragua	99.98
Faeroe Islands	99.97
Lithuania	99.85
Estonia	99.82

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Palau	34.16
Micronesia	33.10
New Caledonia	27.87
Fiji	27.32
Solomon Islands	23.64
Costa Rica	17.34
Singapore	15.46
Gilbert Islands (Kiribati)	12.05
Belize	7.60
Tonga	0.98

Tourism & recreation

Scores

Top 10 performers

region_name	score
Seychelles	100
Bahamas	100
Aruba	100
Saint Kitts and Nevis	100
Grenada	100
Anguilla	100
Curacao	100
Malta	100
Saint Lucia	100
Greece	100

Bottom 10 performers

region_name	score
Iran	9.45
Suriname	8.50
Nigeria	8.28
Sudan	8.15
Libya	6.93
Gabon	6.56
Angola	6.21
Yemen	5.08
Papua New Guinea	3.74
Democratic Republic of the Congo	2.54

Trends

Annual change in goal/subgoal scores calculated using a linear regression on scores from 2012 to 2022.

Other analyses

Comparing trend and average index scores

To obtain a more complete picture of which regions are doing well and which are doing poorly we compared the average index scores (averaged over 2012 to 2022) and the trends for each region.

Of most concern are regions that have poor scores and declining trends.

The following is an interactive plot (region names are visible when hovering over the points) showing the relationship between average index scores and trend. The horizontal line represents the 0 trend and the vertical line is the average of the average index scores.

Comparing assessment years

The following is a comparison of the global status scores generated for the 2022 scenario by this year’s assessment vs. last year’s assessment.

If the models and source data remain the same, these scores should be exactly the same. Differences indicate changes in methods or source data.

These changes do not reflect changes in actual system health!

long_goal	future	pressures	resilience	score	status	trend
Artisanal opportunities	-0.1719500	2.5480909	-0.7267727	-0.1312000	-0.0910000	-0.0008000
Biodiversity	-3.9564545	NaN	NaN	-3.8325000	-3.7077727	-0.0070000
Carbon storage	1.0953333	1.0593889	0.3929444	0.6654444	0.2353333	0.0170556
Clean water	-0.2693182	0.5867273	-0.3875909	-0.3008636	-0.3326364	0.0011364
Coastal protection	-0.3037198	-0.5252657	-0.2872464	-0.3024155	-0.3016908	-0.0018357
Economies	-0.0436275	1.2347393	-0.5444091	-0.0218137	0.0000000	0.0000000
Fisheries (subgoal)	1.2230909	3.5452273	-0.4249545	1.1420909	1.0609091	0.0074545
Food provision	1.0682273	NaN	NaN	0.9960000	0.9235909	0.0080000
Habitat (subgoal)	-8.3095455	2.2754545	-0.1326818	-8.0141364	-7.7193636	-0.0169091
Iconic species (subgoal)	-0.7499545	0.6310455	-0.3765000	-0.7457273	-0.7415000	-0.0002727
Index	-1.3042273	NA	NA	-1.0837727	NA	NA
Lasting special places (subgoal)	1.1322273	0.7755909	-0.3873636	1.0377727	0.9430909	0.0131364
Livelihoods	-0.0359804	1.3719431	-0.3869545	-0.0179412	0.0000000	0.0000000
Livelihoods & economies	-0.0396569	NaN	NaN	-0.0199020	0.0000000	0.0000000
Mariculture (subgoal)	0.1345876	0.8916818	-0.3875909	0.1187629	0.1026289	-0.0041237
Natural products	0.1656915	3.3302646	-0.1273545	-0.2032447	-0.5730319	0.0164171
Sense of place	0.1917273	NaN	NaN	0.1458182	0.1006364	0.0064545
Species condition (subgoal)	0.3967727	3.8546818	-0.4999545	0.3498636	0.3036818	0.0028636
Tourism & recreation	-11.8653500	0.5065909	-0.3875909	-8.6745000	-5.4827000	-0.2286000

Country data

The following interactive plot provides an overview of how the 2022 scenario scores changed between the 2021 and 2022 assessments for all goals and dimensions.